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Color can be effective and powerful but has certain limitations. Technological constraints include the fact that color calibration between monitors is relatively poor, and that colors appear differently on different hardware platforms.

In addition, users may be using devices with either black-and-white screens or reduced-color screens. Human constraints include differences in color preferences, in cultural meanings, and in color perception. In addition, color blindness is relatively common (about 4% of all people) so it usually unsafe to depend on people’s ability to accurately distinguish colors.

Make It Work In Grayscale
As a result of these limitations, make sure your designs work in black work in black and white. While you can still design in color, if you want to distinguish between two colored areas, make sure they contrast in brightness as well as in color, and that this difference in brightness is sufficient. To test whether a design works without color, convert the design to grayscale and make sure it’s still possible to use.

Color Perception
Watch how colors work together. Certain pairs of colors do not work side by side, because the edge between them will appear to vibrate; these include red/green, blue/violet, and red/blue.

If you need to put these pairs of color next to each other, you can reduce the vibration effect by separating them with a solid black line. You can also reduce the effect by increasing the difference in brightness between the two colors.

Keep in mind that it’s not good enough to make subtle changes that improve it “just enough.” Because of differences in the color calibration of monitors, you can’t be sure that they won’t fall back into an unacceptable range on certain monitors.

People also have difficulty focusing on thin blue lines (the blue receptors in the eye are the least acute). For this reason, avoid highly saturated blue for sharp lines or detailed work.

Effective Use of Color
While we’ve discussed several concerns with the use of color, color is also extremely effective at accomplishing certain perceptual effects. Some good uses of color include making things pop out (one bright color among dull colors is easy to spot), emphasizing important information, grouping related items and reinforcing layouts (by providing redundant color cues to highlight which items are meant to be more prominent than others), and increasing comprehension and memorability.

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